Drug info

Drug Name: Amphetamine

Abbreviation: AMP

Screen Cut-off in Urine:1,000 ng/mL

Slang Terms:

Uppers, Speed, Benny, Dexy, Louee, Goey, Whizz, Pep pills, Sulph, Billy, Phets.

Drug Information:

  • Amphetamine is a Schedule II controlled substance available by prescription (Dexedrine®) and is also available on the illicit market.
  • Amphetamines are a class of potent sympathomimetic agents with therapeutic applications. They are chemically related to the human bodys natural catecholamines: epinephrine and norepinephrine.
  • Acute higher doses lead to enhanced stimulation of the central nervous system and induce euphoria, alertness, reduced appetite, and a sense of increased energy and power.
  • Cardiovascular responses to Amphetamines include increased blood pressure and cardiac arrhythmia’s.
  • More acute responses produce anxiety, paranoia, hallucinations, and psychotic behavior.
  • The effects of Amphetamines generally last 2-4 hours following use and the drug has a half-life of 4-24 hours in the body.
  • About 30% of Amphetamines are excreted in the urine in unchanged form, with the remainder as hydroxylated and deaminated derivatives.

Drug Name: Barbiturates

Abbreviation: BAR

Screen Cut-off in Urine: 300 ng/mL

Slang Terms:

Barbs, Barbies, Sleepers, Blue bullets, Blues, Pink ladies, Pinks, Block busters

Drug Information:

  • Barbiturates are central nervous system depressants.  They are used therapeutically as sedatives, hypnotics, and anticonvulsants. 
  • Barbiturates are almost always taken orally as capsules or tablets. 
  • The effects resemble those of intoxication with alcohol.  Chronic use of barbiturates leads to tolerance and physical dependence.
  • Short acting Barbiturates taken at 400 mg/day for 2-3 months can produce a clinically significant degree of physical dependence.
  • Withdrawal symptoms experienced during periods of drug abstinence can be severe enough to cause death. Less than 5% of most Barbiturates are excreted unaltered in the urine.
  • The approximate detection time limits for Barbiturates are 5 to 7 days.

Drug Name: Benzodiazepines

Abbreviation: BZO

Screen Cut-off in Urine:300 ng/mL

Slang Terms:

Alprazolam, Benzodiazepam, Bromazepam, Chlordiazepoxide, Clobazam, Clonazepam, Clorazepate, Diazepam, Estazolam, Flunitrazepam, Flurazepam, Lorazepam, Nitrazepam, Oxazepam, Quazepam, Temazepam, Triazolam, Alprazolam Intensol, Ativan, Dalmane, Diastat, Diazepam Intensol, Dizac, Doral, Halcion, Klonopin, Librium, Lorazepam Intensol, Paxipam, ProSom, Restoril, Serax, Tranxene-SD, Tranxene-SD Half Strength, Tranxene T-Tab, Valium, Xanax.

Drug Information:

  • Benzodiazepines are medications that are frequently prescribed for the symptomatic treatment of anxiety and sleep disorders. They produce their effects via specific receptors involving a neurochemical called gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA).
  • Because they are safer and more effective, Benzodiazepines have replaced barbiturates in the treatment of both anxiety and insomnia.
  • Benzodiazepines are also used as sedatives before some surgical and medical procedures, and for the treatment of seizure disorders and alcohol withdrawal.
  • Risk of physical dependence increases if Benzodiazepines are taken regularly (e.g., daily) for more than a few months, especially at higher than normal doses.
  • Stopping abruptly can bring on such symptoms as trouble sleeping, gastrointestinal upset, feeling unwell, loss of appetite, sweating, trembling, weakness, anxiety and changes in perception.
  • Only trace amounts (less than 1%) of most Benzodiazepines are excreted unaltered in the urine; most of the concentration in urine is conjugated drug.
  •  The detection period for the Benzodiazepines in the urine is 3-7 days.

Drug Name: Cocaine

Abbreviation: COC

Screen Cut-off in Urine:300 ng/mL

Slang Terms:

Coke, Dust, Toot, Snow, Blow, Bump, Lines, Nose Candy, Snowball (cocaine & heroin), Sneeze, Oolies (marijuana laced with crack), Powder, Tornado (Crack), Rock (Crack), Wicky Stick (PCP, marijuana, and crack)

Drug Information:

  • Cocaine is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant and a local anesthetic. Initially, it brings about extreme energy and restlessness while gradually resulting in tremors, over-sensitivity and spasms.
  • In large amounts, cocaine causes fever, unresponsiveness, difficulty in breathing and unconsciousnessCocaine is often self-administered by nasal inhalation, intravenous injection and free-base smoking.
  • It is excreted in the urine in a short time primarily as Benzoylecgonine.2,3 Benzoylecgonine, a major metabolite of cocaine.
  • It has a longer biological half-life (5-8 hours) than cocaine (0.5-1.5 hours), and can generally be detected for 24-48 hours after cocaine exposure.

Drug Name: MDMA (Ecstacy)

Abbreviation: MDMA

Screen Cut-off in Urine: 500 ng/mL

Slang Terms:

Adam, Bean, E, Roll, X, XTC

Drug Information:

  • Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy) is a designer drug first synthesized in 1914 by a German drug company for the treatment of obesity.
  • Those who take the drug frequently report adverse effects, such as increased muscle tension and sweating.
  • MDMA is not clearly a stimulant, although it has, in common with amphetamine drugs, a capacity to increase blood pressure and heart rate.
  • MDMA does produce some perceptual changes in the form of increased sensitivity to light, difficulty in focusing, and blurred vision in some users.
  • Its mechanism of action is thought to be via release of the neurotransmitter serotonin.
  • MDMA may also release dopamine, although the general opinion is that this is a secondary effect of the drug (Nichols and Oberlender, 1990).
  • The most pervasive effect of MDMA, occurring in virtually all people who took a reasonable dose of the drug, was to produce a clenching of the jaws.

Drug Name: Methamphetamine

Abbreviation: MET or mAMP

Screen Cut-off in Urine: 1,000 ng/mL

Slang Terms:

Ice, Chalk, Crank, Crystal, Fire, Glass, Meth, Speed

Drug Information:

  • Methamphetamine is an addictive stimulant drug that strongly activates certain systems in the brain.
  • Methamphetamine is closely related chemically to amphetamine, but the central nervous system effects of Methamphetamine are greater.
  • Methamphetamine is made in illegal laboratories and has a high potential for abuse and dependence.
  • The drug can be taken orally, injected, or inhaled.
  • Acute higher doses lead to enhanced stimulation of the central nervous system and induce euphoria, alertness, reduced appetite, and a sense of increased energy and power.
  • Cardiovascular responses to Methamphetamine include increased blood pressure and cardiac arrhythmias.
  • More acute responses produce anxiety, paranoia, hallucinations, psychotic behavior, and eventually, depression and exhaustion.
  • The effects of Methamphetamine generally last 2-4 hours and the drug has a half-life of 9-24 hours in the body.
  • Methamphetamine is excreted in the urine as amphetamine and oxidized and deaminated derivatives. However, 10-20% of Methamphetamine is excreted unchanged. Thus, the presence of the parent compound in the urine indicates Methamphetamine use.
  • Methamphetamine is generally detectable in the urine for 3-5 days, depending on urine pH level.

Drug Name: Marijuana

Abbreviation: THC

Screen Cut-off in Urine:50 ng/mL

Slang Terms:

Pot, Weed, Grass, Smoke, Dope, Ganja, Reefer

Drug Information:

  • THC (Delta9–tetrahydrocannabinol) is the primary active ingredient in cannabis (marijuana).
  • When smoked or orally administered, THC produces euphoric effects.
  • Users have impaired short-term memory and slowed learning.
  • They may also experience transient episodes of confusion and anxiety.
  • Long-term, relatively heavy use may be associated with behavioral disorders.
  • The peak effect of marijuana administered by smoking occurs in 20-30 minutes and the duration is 90-120 minutes after one cigarette.
  • Elevated levels of urinary metabolites are found within hours of exposure and remain detectable for 1-30 days after smoking.
  • The main metabolite excreted in the urine is 11-nor-Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (Delta9-THC-COOH).

 

Drug Name: Morphine

Abbreviation: MOR

Screen Cut-off in Urine: 300 ng/mL

Slang Terms:

Aunti, Aunti Emma, Big O, Black hash, Black Russian, Black pill, Black stuff, black tar, Buddha, china white, Chinese molasses, Chinese tobacco, Chocolate, Dopium, Dover’s deck, Dover’s powder, Dream gun, Dream stick, Dreams, Easing powder, God’s medicine

Drug Information:

  • Morphine is a prescription drug known as Serax, generally prescribed to treat moderate to severe pain.
  • It is also a common metabolite of opiates morphine, codeine (methyl-morphine), and heroin (semi-synthetic derivatives of morphine).
  • These opiates are commonly smoked, injected intravenously or intramuscularly, or swallowed.
  • Opiate use causes toxic effects which may include hypothermia, hypotension, papillary constriction, urinary retention, respiratory depression, pulmonary edema constipation, nausea, vomiting, drowsiness, dizziness, apathy, confusion, and cold or clammy skin.
  • Over dosage can result in coma and or death.

Drug Name: Opiates

Abbreviation: OPI

Screen Cut-off in Urine: 2,000 ng/mL

Slang Terms:

Big H, Black Tar, Dope, Junk, Skunk, Smack

Drug Information:

  • Opiate refers to any drug that is derived from opium, including the natural products, morphine and codeine, and the semi-synthetic drugs such as heroin.
  • Opioid is a more general term referring to any drug that acts on the opioid receptor.
  • Opioid analgesics comprise a large group of substances which control pain by depressing the central nervous system.
  • Large doses of morphine can produce higher tolerance levels, physiological dependency in users, and may lead to substance abuse.
  • Morphine is excreted un-metabolized, and is also the major metabolic product of codeine and heroin.
  • Morphine is detectable in the urine for several days after an opiate dose.

Drug Name: Oxycodone

Abbreviation: OXY

Screen Cut-off in Urine: 100 ng/mL

Slang Terms:

Codeine, OxyContin Oxy, O.C., Percocet, Percs, Vicodin, Vike, Vitamin V, Oxycotton, Killers

Drug Information:

  • Oxycodone is used to relieve moderate to moderate-to-severe pain.
  • It also is used to relieve postpartum, postoperative, and dental pain.
  • Oxycodone comes as a liquid and tablet to take by mouth and can be habit forming.

Drug Name: Phencyclidene

Abbreviation: PCP

Screen Cut-off in Urine: 25 ng/mL

Slang Terms:

Angel dust, Angel hair, Angel poke, Dust, Embalming fluid, Fry, Flake hog, Whack, Rocket fuel, Squeeze, Mist

Drug Information:

  • Phencyclidine, also known as PCP or Angel Dust, is a hallucinogen that was first marketed as a surgical anesthetic in the 1950′s. 
  • It was removed from the market because patients receiving it became delirious and experienced hallucinations.
  • Phencyclidine is used in powder, capsule, and tablet form.  The powder is either snorted or smoked after mixing it with marijuana or vegetable matter.
  • Phencyclidine is most commonly administered by inhalation but can be used intravenously, intra-nasally, and orally.
  • After low doses, the user thinks and acts swiftly and experiences mood swings from euphoria to depression.
  • Self-injurious behavior is one of the devastating effects of Phencyclidine.
  • PCP can be found in urine within 4 to 6 hours after use and will remain in urine for 7 to 14 days, depending on factors such as metabolic rate, user’s age, weight, activity, and diet.
  • Phencyclidine is excreted in the urine as an unchanged drug (4% to 19%) and conjugated metabolites (25% to 30%).

Drug Name: Propoxyphene

Abbreviation: PPX

Screen Cut-off in Urine: 300 ng/mL

Slang Term:

Darvon

Drug Information:

  • Propoxyphene is a drug often prescribed to treat pain and is related structurally to methadone.
  • Propoxyphene is generally taken orally and its effects peak in 1 – 2 hours.
  • Overdose of propoxyphene effects the brain and can cause severe euphoria.
  • Extended use of propoxyphene can cause respiratory depression, analgesia, stupor, and coma.

Drug Name: Tricyclic Antidepressants

Abbreviation: TCA

Screen Cut-off in Urine:1,000 ng/mL

Slang Terms:

Vivactil, Anafranil, Janimine, Tofranil

Drug Information:

  • TCA (Tricyclic Antidepressants) are commonly used for the treatment of depressive disorders.
  • TCA overdoses can result in profound central nervous system depression, cardiotoxicity and anticholinergic effects.
  • TCA overdose is the most common cause of death from prescription drugs.
  • TCAs are taken orally or sometimes by injection.
  • TCAs are metabolized in the liver.
  • Both TCAs and their metabolites are excreted in urine mostly in the form of metabolites for up to ten days.